Application Of Stem Cells In Stroke - What Are Its Benefits And Potential Risks?
The application of stem cells in stroke is a potential new therapy option that has been shown in several peer-reviewed studies to be both safe and effective.
Author:Suleman ShahReviewer:Han JuJan 08, 2023112 Shares1.4K Views
The application of stem cellsin stroke is a potential new therapyoption that has been shown in several peer-reviewed studies to be both safe and effective.
It works by rebuilding damaged brain cells and controlling the immune systemto avoid additional harm to the body and brain after a stroke.
Stroke is a severe disease that has a significant negative impact on society, affecting one out of every six individuals worldwide.
Long-term motor and cognitive abnormalities such as hemiparesis, paralysis, chronic pain, and psychomotor and behavioral problems might occur.
Regenerative therapy on stem cells seems to be a cure-all for stroke sequelae.
Exosomes produced from stem cells have the potential to be used in cell-free treatment.
How Does Stroke Recover?
The recovery after a stroke has been described as a complex series of processes involving cellular, molecular, genetic, demographic, and behavioral factors.
Such characteristics have been shown as confounders in therapy trials of neurobiologically sound restorative medicines.
Advances in functional neuroimaging and brain mapping approaches have offered a significant concurrent data collecting system for human stroke recovery.
The recovery of a stroke patient is heavily influenced by the lesion's size, the brain damage's internal milieu, and the patient's age and comorbid condition.
The first epoch includes the first few hours following a stroke, when blood flow, edema, and pro-inflammatory processes fluctuate rapidly.
A second epoch is associated with spontaneous behavioral recovery, which starts a few days after the stroke and lasts for many weeks.
The brain is energized to begin healing during this epoch, with endogenous repair-related processes reaching maximal levels, implying an excellent opportunity to start exogenous restorative therapy.
A third epoch occurs weeks to months following a stroke when spontaneous behavioral improvements have typically plateaued, and this stable condition is amenable to numerous restorative therapies.
Trying to heal stroke damage with stem cells
Mechanisms Of Recover From Stroke
Stem cells can develop into any cell.
Exogenous cells enhance endogenous reparative mechanisms rather than replace wounded brain tissue.
It was once thought that intravenously administered cells would home in on the injured site and replace the dead neurons.
Still, current thinking holds that these cells release numerous trophic factors such as VEGF, IGF, BDNF, and tissue growth factors that stimulate brain plasticity and recovery mechanisms.
Some primary methods through which intravenous stem cells serve as "chaperones" include upregulation of growth hormones, avoiding cell death, and strengthening the synaptic connection between the host and graft.
Preclinical studies have demonstrated that cell treatment improves functional recovery after acute, subacute, and chronic stroke.
Still, little research has examined various time windows, with findings varying depending on the analyzed model system and cell type.
Stem Cell Therapy For Stroke
The unique ability of stem cells has been used to develop a cell-based treatment for various neurological illnesses, including brain stroke.
Adult stem cells (mesenchymal stem cells and neural stem cells), embryonic stem cells, and the most recent kind, induced pluripotent stem cells, have all been employed in investigations.
Depending on the severity of the ailment, the dosage, administration, and whether or not booster doses are necessary to have all been studied.
NSC engraftment has been shown to rebuild synaptic connections and enhance the electrophysiological characteristics of mature neurons in the injured brain.
MSCs are multipotent stem cells that find a home in bodily tissues such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, tooth pulp, etc.
MSC extraction from these tissues is a well-established and straightforward procedure that has been frequently employed in clinical studies.
MSCs generated from adipose tissue be as effective in neuro-regeneration, with the additional benefit of being more freely accessible and numerous.
iPSCs offer an advantage over other forms of stem cells since they are non-immunogenic, simple to acquire, non-interventional, and do not raise ethical problems. Their generation is still an unsolved problem because of the poor reprogramming efficiency.
Combination Therapy
Pre and post-stroke intraperitoneal treatment of Glycrrhizin reduced infarction through improving IFN-mediated T cell activation.
The use of recombinant plasminogen tissue activator (rtPA) intravenous injection was authorized over a decade ago.
MSC transplantation in brain stroke patients is a current method, although inflammationin MSCs has sometimes been detected owing to oxygen and glucose deprivation during therapy.
According to one research, a nano-formulation of gelatin-coated polycaprolactone loaded with naringenin lowered pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.
Eugenol, extracted from Acorus gramineus, was studied in a rat model of cerebral ischemia perfusion.
In the rat model, pre-treatment with Eugenol reduced brain ischemia damage by activating autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway.
In another investigation, co-administration of glycyrrhizin and berberine demonstrated more potent inhibition of the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-kB pathway than either agent alone.
The study showed that administering these chemicals protects the brain against ischemia-reperfusion damage.
Stem Cell Stroke Clinical Trial
Several clinical studies, including diverse stem cells, are now underway to slow the course of cerebral vascular disease after a stroke.
5–9 days after the stroke, autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) were infused.
Following injection, there was a more incredible amount of plasma-nerve growth factor.
Except for two individuals who had partial seizures, no adverse effects were detected for six months.
Intravenously given BM,-MNCs release glial cell-derived neurotrophic factors DNF, IGF-1, and VGEF, which may protect motor neurons against malfunction.
Patients suffering from acute ischemic strokewere given an intravenous infusion of allogeneic human umbilical cord blood cells.
Interneurons and glial cells make up the majority of stem cell-derived tissue.
These serve as connections between regenerated neural fibers.
A phase I/II early safety and effectiveness research of allogenic MSCs in chronic stroke patients found that 1.5 million/kg body weight was tolerable.
People Also Ask
How Are Stem Cells Used To Treat Stroke?
While stem cells are currently being utilized in clinical studies, there is evidence that treatment improves recovery when paired with clot-busting and mechanical thrombectomy.
Injected stem cells go to the location of a stroke in the brain to stimulate the healing process.
Can Stem Cells Fix A Stroke?
There are currently no stem cell treatments available for stroke.
Researchers all across the globe are utilizing several kinds of stem cells to explore how the brain functions and how to stroke damage may one day be restored.
Some preliminary clinical studies are now ongoing.
What Are The Applications Of Stem Cells?
Potential applications for stem cells are
- In a laboratory, new cells are created to replace injured organs or tissues.
- Correct organ sections that aren't working correctly
- Investigate the origins of genetic abnormalities in cells
- Investigate how illnesses originate or why some cells turn into cancer cells
- New medications are tested for safety and efficacy
How Are Stem Cells Used To Treat Brain Damage?
Exogenous stem cells have been reported to move to injured brain tissue, then engage in healing damaged brain tissue by further differentiation to replace damaged cells while releasing anti-inflammatory and growth factors, considerably increasing neurological function.
Conclusion
While stem cells have shown to be an excellent resource for stroke treatment, there are still some challenges to overcome soon.
MR tracking using SPIOs and nanoparticles in an MCAo occlusion stroke model has proven faultless in tracking cells, but clinical confirmation is still required.
Pluripotent stem cells have ethical difficulties, and NSCs have restrictions on their in vitro proliferation.
Another concern is the immune tolerance of the host body to implanted stem cells.
Suleman Shah
Author
Suleman Shah is a researcher and freelance writer. As a researcher, he has worked with MNS University of Agriculture, Multan (Pakistan) and Texas A & M University (USA). He regularly writes science articles and blogs for science news website immersse.com and open access publishers OA Publishing London and Scientific Times. He loves to keep himself updated on scientific developments and convert these developments into everyday language to update the readers about the developments in the scientific era. His primary research focus is Plant sciences, and he contributed to this field by publishing his research in scientific journals and presenting his work at many Conferences.
Shah graduated from the University of Agriculture Faisalabad (Pakistan) and started his professional carrier with Jaffer Agro Services and later with the Agriculture Department of the Government of Pakistan. His research interest compelled and attracted him to proceed with his carrier in Plant sciences research. So, he started his Ph.D. in Soil Science at MNS University of Agriculture Multan (Pakistan). Later, he started working as a visiting scholar with Texas A&M University (USA).
Shah’s experience with big Open Excess publishers like Springers, Frontiers, MDPI, etc., testified to his belief in Open Access as a barrier-removing mechanism between researchers and the readers of their research. Shah believes that Open Access is revolutionizing the publication process and benefitting research in all fields.
Han Ju
Reviewer
Hello! I'm Han Ju, the heart behind World Wide Journals. My life is a unique tapestry woven from the threads of news, spirituality, and science, enriched by melodies from my guitar. Raised amidst tales of the ancient and the arcane, I developed a keen eye for the stories that truly matter. Through my work, I seek to bridge the seen with the unseen, marrying the rigor of science with the depth of spirituality.
Each article at World Wide Journals is a piece of this ongoing quest, blending analysis with personal reflection. Whether exploring quantum frontiers or strumming chords under the stars, my aim is to inspire and provoke thought, inviting you into a world where every discovery is a note in the grand symphony of existence.
Welcome aboard this journey of insight and exploration, where curiosity leads and music guides.
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