Application Of Epidemic Model To Analyze Exogenous Infections Spread
Exogenous infections occur when a pathogen enters a patient's body through their surroundings.
Author:Suleman ShahReviewer:Han JuMay 11, 20220 Shares145 Views
Exogenous infectionsoccur when a pathogen enters a patient's body through their surroundings.
These bacteria may enter the body through contaminated equipment, a healthcare worker, a surface, or another vector.
Epidemics such as COVID-19 and Ebola have had a tremendous influence on people's lives.
Exogenous infection spread is when an infection spreads because of things like migration, being on the move, and so on.
Nirmal Kumar Sivaraman, Manas Gaur, Shivansh Baijal, Sakthi Balan Muthiah, and Amit Sheth from the LNM Institute of Information Technologyin India and the University of South Carolina in the United States used the Exo-SIR model on actual Covid-19 and Ebola datasets.
They discovered that external infection influences endogenous infection.
They found that the Exo-SIR model outperforms the SIR model in predicting peak time.
What Are Endogenous And Exogenous Infections?
External transmission has been recognized as one of three mechanisms of transmission by the World HealthOrganization (WHO).
According to WHO, infection inside the population is referred to as local transmission and community transmission, whereas infection outside the population is referred to as imported cases.
Infection from inside the population and infection from outside the community are referred to as endogenous and exogenous transmission of infection, respectively.
One of the primary causes of external infection dissemination is human mobility.
How Does A Compartment Model Work?
Compartmental models presume that the rate at which a xenobiotic leaves the body due to excretion and/or biotransformation/metabolism is proportionate to the quantity of the xenobiotic in the body at the moment.
Compartmental models are popular tools for analyzing and forecasting COVID-19 dynamics.
One of the foundational compartmental models is the SIR model.
Many compartmental models have lately been developed to enhance the SIR model.
The QSIR model is an example of how they added a state to the normal SIR model to indicate the number of people under quarantine.
What Is The SIR Model Of Disease?
The SIR model, named for its three sections, is one of the most basic compartmental models (susceptible, infected, and recovered).
The SIR model is a traditional disease transmission model within a population.
It can be changed to take into account important population dynamics like the death rate, the rate of immigration or births, the rate of recovery, and the rate of immunity, but even the most basic model has huge implications for public health.
The hypothesized path in this model is for a vulnerable person to get infected by interaction with another sick individual.
SIR is often used to analyze information dispersion by simulating epidemic spread.
The ExoSIR model was utilized by the researchers, which differs from the SIR model in the following aspects.
It divides diseased nodes into two types: those infected by an external source and those infected by an endogenous source.
It also distinguishes between endogenous and external causes of dissemination.
Real Data Analysis
The researchers used the Exo-SIR model to predict the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic.
COVID-19 Infection Statistics In India
The COVID-19 infection data was gathered from the Indian states of Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.
In Tamil Nadu, exogenous spread outnumbered endogenous spread, but the opposite was true in Rajasthan.
In Kerala, the frequency of both endogenous and external spread was nearly the same.
Analytical research, simulation results, and analysis of real-world datasets all showed the same general trends.
COVID-19 Infection Statistics In The USA
For our investigation, the researchers gathered data on COVID-19 infection in the United States from two separate sources: kaggle.com and inbound tourist travel data.
They used the Exo-SIR model to evaluate COVID-19 data from the United States.
Covid-19 in the United States was predicted less accurately than Covid-19 in India.
This might be due to the following factors: As soon as the illnesses began to spread, governments launched a series of initiatives to halt the development of the epidemics.
If these attempts were successful, the values of the constants determined using the original values would change.
This will be reflected in the actual data curve by postponing the peak and flattening the curve. This may be seen in genuine COVID-19 data from the United States.
In the case of the Indian statistics, however, they collected the data when the movement of individuals following the Tablighi religious gathering occurred.
India was already on high alert at this point, and the government had already interfered. As a result, the computation of the constants was more accurate.
In the example of COVID-19 in the United States, we computed the external infection by multiplying the tourist arrival statistics by the overall infection worldwide.
Ebola Infection Statistics In The Guinea
From 2014 to 2016, Ebola killed a lot of people in West African countries, especially Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia.
It has a mortality rate ranging from 25% to 90%.
As in the case of COVID-19, there was an influx of individuals from overseas, particularly tourists visiting these nations.
The travel and tourism dataset is open to the public.
The researchers constructed the dataset using two independent sources: kaggle.com and UNWTO Dashboard inbound tourist travel statistics for Guinea.
The researchers determined the exogenous infections by multiplying the entire populations of the three nations where the virus was most common by the total population of the globe.
In these circumstances, the likelihood that all of the people in the trip data are affected is rather low.
This might be the cause of the discrepancy.
It is worth noting that the SIR model did similarly poorly in these circumstances.
Conclusion
The researchers discovered that exogenous infectionsinfluence endogenous infections.
Furthermore, they discovered that the Exo-SIR model outperforms the SIR model in predicting peak time.
As a result, the Exo-SIR model might assist governments in preparing policy measures in the event of a pandemic.
When there are exogenous sources of infections, such as COVID-19 or Ebola, the Exo-SIR model is more suited for estimating the situation.
This will assist the government in properly allocating its resources since endogenous and exogenous spread need distinct sets of activities to be stopped.
Suleman Shah
Author
Suleman Shah is a researcher and freelance writer. As a researcher, he has worked with MNS University of Agriculture, Multan (Pakistan) and Texas A & M University (USA). He regularly writes science articles and blogs for science news website immersse.com and open access publishers OA Publishing London and Scientific Times. He loves to keep himself updated on scientific developments and convert these developments into everyday language to update the readers about the developments in the scientific era. His primary research focus is Plant sciences, and he contributed to this field by publishing his research in scientific journals and presenting his work at many Conferences.
Shah graduated from the University of Agriculture Faisalabad (Pakistan) and started his professional carrier with Jaffer Agro Services and later with the Agriculture Department of the Government of Pakistan. His research interest compelled and attracted him to proceed with his carrier in Plant sciences research. So, he started his Ph.D. in Soil Science at MNS University of Agriculture Multan (Pakistan). Later, he started working as a visiting scholar with Texas A&M University (USA).
Shah’s experience with big Open Excess publishers like Springers, Frontiers, MDPI, etc., testified to his belief in Open Access as a barrier-removing mechanism between researchers and the readers of their research. Shah believes that Open Access is revolutionizing the publication process and benefitting research in all fields.
Han Ju
Reviewer
Hello! I'm Han Ju, the heart behind World Wide Journals. My life is a unique tapestry woven from the threads of news, spirituality, and science, enriched by melodies from my guitar. Raised amidst tales of the ancient and the arcane, I developed a keen eye for the stories that truly matter. Through my work, I seek to bridge the seen with the unseen, marrying the rigor of science with the depth of spirituality.
Each article at World Wide Journals is a piece of this ongoing quest, blending analysis with personal reflection. Whether exploring quantum frontiers or strumming chords under the stars, my aim is to inspire and provoke thought, inviting you into a world where every discovery is a note in the grand symphony of existence.
Welcome aboard this journey of insight and exploration, where curiosity leads and music guides.
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